Gauge: Gauge denotes the number of lead balls of bore diameter that equal one pound; 16 gauge corresponds to a nominal bore diameter of about 0.665 in.

Length: Modern 16-gauge shells are most often 2¾ inches in length, though other lengths exist in some markets and older firearms may have shorter chambers.

Shot Sizes: Payload types include birdshot (small pellets for birds and small game), buckshot (larger pellets for defensive use and some hunting), and slugs (single projectile for larger game).

Applications: Common uses include upland bird hunting (e.g., pheasant, grouse, quail) and general small-game hunting. Common loads use lead or non-toxic shot (such as steel or bismuth where required), with shot sizes selected by game and range.